Table 1: State Rankings and Quality Checklist Sums
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State Access for 4-year-olds rank Access for 3-year-olds rank Resources rank based on state spending Resources rank based on all reported spending Quality standards checklist sum (maximum of 10) Alabama 15 None Served 15 13 10 Alaska 38 27 30 35 2 Arizona 43 24 26 34 3 Arkansas 22 6 12 5 8 California 16 15 4 4 4.4 Colorado 27 16 40 29 4 Connecticut 32 10 7 12 5.1 Delaware 41 25 10 20 9* District of Columbia 1 1 1 1 4 Florida 2 None Served 42 45 4 Georgia 9 None Served 25 33 8* Hawaii 44 31 8 14 10* Illinois 19 3 27 26 8 Iowa 5 22 39 44 8 Kansas 12 5 35 40 6 Kentucky 25 18 24 10 8* Louisiana 23 34 22 32 7.9 Maine 11 None Served 28 21 9 Maryland 17 19 18 8 8 Massachusetts 24 8 45 42 6 Michigan 18 None Served 6 7 10* Minnesota† 37 32 19 28 5.4 Mississippi 35 None Served 41 22 10 Missouri 39 30 33 38 4* Nebraska 20 7 44 9 7 Nevada 40 None Served 9 16 7 New Jersey 21 4 2 2 9 New Mexico 13 13 14 25 9 New York 8 9 21 31 7* North Carolina 29 None Served 20 23 9* North Dakota 42 None Served 32 37 5 Ohio 36 26 36 43 5 Oklahoma 3 21 31 11 9 Oregon 34 12 3 3 7.7 Pennsylvania† 26 11 11 24 6.7* Rhode Island 28 None Served 16 18 10 South Carolina 14 33 37 41 7 Tennessee 31 29 29 30 9 Texas 10 14 34 39 4 Utah 45 28 43 36 5 Vermont 6 2 13 17 7 Virginia 30 23 23 19 5.8 Washington 33 17 5 6 8.3 West Virginia 4 20 17 15 9 Wisconsin 7 35 38 27 2 Idaho No program No program No program No program No program Indiana No program No program No program No program No program Montana No program No program No program No program No program New Hampshire No program No program No program No program No program South Dakota No program No program No program No program No program Wyoming No program No program No program No program No program † At least one program in these states did not break down total enrollment figures into specific numbers of 3- and 4-year-olds served. As a result, enrollment by single year of age was estimated.
* Indicates that while a policy meets the benchmark, at least one benchmark in the program is not being fully implemented.
Table 2: State Preschool Access by State
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Percent of children enrolled in state prekindergarten (2022-2023) Number of children enrolled in state prekindergarten (2022-2023) Access for 4-year-olds rank State 4-year-olds 3-year-olds Total (3s and 4s) 4-year-olds 3-year-olds Total (3s and 4s) 1 District of Columbia 88% 79% 84% 6,821 5,929 12,750 2 Florida 67% 0% 34% 154,024 0 154,024 3 Oklahoma 67% 6% 37% 33,881 2,910 36,791 4 West Virginia 67% 7% 37% 12,069 1,178 13,247 5 Iowa* 67% 6% 37% 25,702 2,149 27,851 6 Vermont 64% 71% 67% 3,707 4,011 7,718 7 Wisconsin 63% 0.1% 32% 41,029 42 41,071 8 New York 56% 15% 36% 122,624 32,888 155,512 9 Georgia 56% 0% 28% 73,462 0 73,462 10 Texas 52% 11% 31% 202,520 40,455 242,975 11 Maine 47% 0% 23% 5,940 0 5,940 12 Kansas 45% 22% 34% 16,331 7,631 23,962 13 New Mexico 45% 11% 28% 10,446 2,444 12,890 14 South Carolina 44% 0.3% 23% 26,038 191 26,229 15 Alabama 39% 0% 20% 23,388 0 23,388 16 California* 38% 9% 23% 166,452 38,281 204,733 17 Maryland 37% 7% 22% 26,637 4,924 31,561 18 Michigan* 34% 0% 17% 38,140 0 38,140 19 Illinois 34% 23% 29% 48,500 32,504 81,004 20 Nebraska 34% 16% 25% 8,623 4,023 12,646 21 New Jersey * 33% 22% 28% 35,376 23,011 58,387 22 Arkansas 32% 18% 25% 11,941 6,392 18,333 23 Louisiana * 32% 0.3% 16% 18,302 155 18,457 24 Massachusetts* 28% 16% 22% 19,903 10,731 30,634 25 Kentucky 27% 7% 18% 14,849 3,941 18,790 26 Pennsylvania * 25% 12% 19% 34,141 16,958 51,098 27 Colorado 24% 8% 16% 15,339 4,945 20,284 28 Rhode Island 22% 0% 11% 2,364 0 2,364 29 North Carolina 21% 0% 11% 25,684 0 25,684 30 Virginia 21% 3% 12% 21,388 2,763 24,151 31 Tennessee 20% 1% 11% 16,739 1,098 17,837 32 Connecticut * 19% 13% 16% 7,016 4,659 11,675 33 Washington* 16% 8% 12% 13,990 6,906 20,896 34 Oregon* 16% 12% 14% 6,678 4,857 11,535 35 Mississippi 15% 0% 8% 5,329 0 5,329 36 Ohio 11% 2% 7% 15,276 2,724 18,000 37 Minnesota* 11% 1% 6% 7,383 416 7,799 38 Alaska 9% 2% 6% 890 150 1,040 39 Missouri 7% 1% 4% 5,356 920 6,276 40 Nevada 7% 0% 3% 2,481 0 2,481 41 Delaware 6% 2% 4% 699 255 954 42 North Dakota 5% 0% 3% 537 0 537 43 Arizona 4% 3% 3% 3,102 2,187 5,289 44 Hawaii* 4% 1% 2% 578 126 704 45 Utah 3% 1% 2% 1,324 663 1,987 No program Idaho 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 No program Indiana 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 No program Montana 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 No program New Hampshire 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 No program South Dakota 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 No program Wyoming 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 50 states + DC 35% 7% 21% 1,332,999 273,416 1,606,415 Guam 2% 0% 1% 57 0 57 For details about how these figures were calculated, see the Methodology section and Roadmap to the State Profile Pages.
* Nationwide, an additional 25,553 children of other ages were enrolled in state prekindergarten, for a total of 1,631,968 children.
Table 3A: Change in Preschool Enrollment of 3-Year-Olds Over Time
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2001-2002 to 2022-2023 2019-2020 to 2022-2023 2021-2022 to 2022-2023 State Number % served Number % served Number % served Alabama 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Alaska 150 2% -131 -1% 57 1% Arizona 2,187 3% 475 1% 467 1% Arkansas 5,450 15% -259 0% -81 0% California 27,357 7% -17,957 -3% 6,889 2% Colorado 4,215 7% -1,453 -1% -345 0% Connecticut 3,124 9% -766 -2% 1,070 3% Delaware 255 2% -8 0% 14 0% District of Columbia 4,804 59% -506 6% 368 10% Florida 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Georgia 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Hawaii 126 1% 126 1% 57 0% Idaho 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Illinois 18,406 15% -1,808 1% 2,047 2% Indiana 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Iowa 1,638 4% 710 2% 707 2% Kansas 7,631 22% 6,235 18% 930 3% Kentucky -931 -2% -2,217 -4% 549 1% Louisiana 155 0% 155 0% 60 0% Maine 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Maryland 3,516 5% 2,484 4% 1,097 2% Massachusetts 1,299 4% -1,291 -1% 1,908 3% Michigan 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Minnesota* -399 -1% -120 0% -5 0% Mississippi 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Missouri -1,626 -2% -230 0% 187 0% Montana 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Nebraska 3,899 16% -297 0% 0 0% Nevada -111 0% 0 0% 0 0% New Hampshire 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% New Jersey 10,226 11% 752 1% 1,429 2% New Mexico 1,974 9% 874 4% -44 0% New York 27,053 13% 22,165 11% -2,956 -1% North Carolina 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% North Dakota 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Ohio -6,990 -4% 937 1% 439 0% Oklahoma 2,910 6% 71 1% 13 0% Oregon 3,748 9% 1,271 4% 800 2% Pennsylvania* 16,958 12% 1,899 2% 2,655 2% Rhode Island 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% South Carolina -159 0% -66 0% -44 0% South Dakota 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Tennessee 256 0% 890 1% 61 0% Texas 20,714 4% 3,358 2% 6,307 2% Utah 663 1% 144 0% -208 0% Vermont 3,642 65% 539 12% 1,724 31% Virginia 2,763 3% 2,763 3% 563 1% Washington 5,757 7% 1,572 2% 1,178 2% West Virginia -590 -2% -54 0% 64 1% Wisconsin -646 -1% -360 -1% 11 0% Wyoming 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% United States 169,423 5% 19,896 1% 27,968 1% Guam 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% * At least one program in these states did not break down total enrollment figures into specific numbers of 3- and 4-year-olds served. As a result, the figures in the table are estimates.
Table 3B: Change in Preschool Enrollment of 4-Year-Olds Over Time
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2001-2002 to 2022-2023 2019-2020 to 2022-2023 2021-2022 to 2022-2023 State Number % served Number % served Number % served Alabama 22,632 38% 2,949 5% 1,449 3% Alaska 890 9% -233 -1% 393 4% Arizona -1,175 -2% 215 1% 581 1% Arkansas 9,717 26% -843 -1% 886 3% California 121,918 29% -15,939 1% 19,101 6% Colorado 7,019 11% -1,199 0% 162 1% Connecticut 2,599 9% -970 -2% 218 0% Delaware -144 -2% 117 1% 122 1% District of Columbia 3,810 44% -535 4% 105 5% Florida 154,024 67% -12,702 -4% 930 1% Georgia 9,849 3% -6,866 -3% 285 1% Hawaii -671 -4% -100 0% 98 1% Idaho 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Illinois 9,598 12% -2,180 1% 2,887 3% Indiana 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Iowa 24,146 63% -1,033 1% 373 3% Kansas 14,101 39% 4,958 16% 453 3% Kentucky 2,032 4% -1,880 -3% 1,196 3% Louisiana 10,783 20% -2,153 -1% 402 2% Maine 4,500 37% 54 2% 625 6% Maryland 8,263 12% -4,032 -4% 1,478 3% Massachusetts 10,471 17% -1,711 -1% 2,276 4% Michigan 11,663 15% 772 2% 2,245 3% Minnesota* 6,113 9% -203 0% -240 0% Mississippi 5,329 15% 2,265 7% 2,522 7% Missouri 1,670 2% -285 0% 925 1% Montana 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Nebraska 8,267 32% -665 0% -149 1% Nevada 2,160 6% -589 -1% 96 0% New Hampshire 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% New Jersey 11,495 13% 2,222 2% 3,665 4% New Mexico 10,076 43% -51 4% 398 3% New York 59,125 32% 13,208 8% 6,480 5% North Carolina 24,444 20% -5,375 -4% 2,005 2% North Dakota 537 5% -698 -6% 166 2% Ohio 1,391 2% -807 0% 829 1% Oklahoma 8,002 11% -3,336 -3% 150 2% Oregon 4,089 10% 904 3% 726 2% Pennsylvania* 31,591 23% 2,095 2% 5,851 5% Rhode Island 2,364 22% 944 9% 0 1% South Carolina 10,388 15% -2,645 -3% 1,070 2% South Dakota 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Tennessee 14,981 18% -1,518 -2% 1,142 1% Texas 74,937 12% -8,749 1% 14,244 5% Utah 1,324 3% -379 -1% -618 -1% Vermont 3,087 55% -915 -13% -159 0% Virginia 15,510 15% 2,229 3% 1,312 2% Washington 9,205 10% 5,324 7% 1,669 3% West Virginia 6,984 43% -1,322 -1% 362 4% Wisconsin 27,525 44% -5,422 -4% -189 2% Wyoming 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% United States 766,619 20% -47,079 1% 78,522 3% Guam 57 2% -14 0% 0 0% * At least one program in these states did not break down total enrollment figures into specific numbers of 3- and 4-year-olds served. As a result, the figures in the table are estimates.
Table 4: 2022-2023 Enrollment of 3- and 4-Year-Olds in State Preschool, Preschool Special Education, and Federal and State Head Start
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Pre-K + Pre-K Special Education Pre-K + Pre-K Special Education + Head Start†† 3-Year-Olds 4-Year-Olds 3-Year-Olds 4-Year-Olds State Number Enrolled % of State Population Number Enrolled % of State Population Number Enrolled % of State Population Number Enrolled % of State Population Alabama† 675 1% 23,954 40% 5,853 10% 26,557 44% Alaska*,† 365 4% 1,310 14% 1,478 16% 2,440 26% Arizona 4,826 6% 7,607 9% 9,769 12% 14,184 17% Arkansas 7,837 22% 16,789 45% 10,666 29% 19,317 52% California 46,543 11% 167,629 38% 77,703 18% 192,549 44% Colorado 7,495 12% 19,522 31% 10,976 18% 23,485 37% Connecticut† 6,693 18% 9,536 26% 8,769 25% 11,573 31% Delaware 1,038 10% 1,923 17% 1,661 15% 2,442 22% District of Columbia† 5,929 79% 6,821 88% 5,954 79% 6,897 89% Florida* 6,308 3% 154,024 67% 21,581 10% 170,188 74% Georgia† 2,379 2% 76,121 58% 12,444 10% 78,940 60% Hawaii 656 4% 1,596 10% 1,668 10% 2,720 16% Idaho 574 3% 1,162 5% 1,635 7% 2,669 11% Illinois† 32,504 23% 54,827 38% 40,815 29% 62,427 44% Indiana 3,372 4% 6,884 8% 7,761 9% 12,755 15% Iowa† 2,349 7% 26,856 70% 4,651 13% 28,596 74% Kansas 7,631 22% 17,322 48% 9,834 28% 19,859 55% Kentucky† 3,941 7% 16,078 30% 9,697 18% 21,150 39% Louisiana* 155 0.3% 21,830 38% 9,165 16.3% 27,542 48% Maine† 354 3% 6,118 48% 1,082 9% 6,457 51% Maryland*,† 7,602 11% 28,704 40% 11,148 16% 30,706 43% Massachusetts† 10,731 16% 20,012 29% 15,255 22% 23,797 34% Michigan† 2,434 2% 38,140 34% 12,556 12% 42,743 38% Minnesota** 3,216 5% 14,964 22% 7,849 12% 19,088 28% Mississippi† 141 0.4% 6,792 19% 6,475 18% 13,942 39% Missouri 3,672 5% 11,763 16% 8,788 12% 16,248 22% Montana 43 0.4% 269 2% 1,355 11% 1,721 14% Nebraska† 4,023 16% 8,674 34% 4,852 19% 9,502 37% Nevada† 1,490 4% 4,596 13% 2,640 7% 5,294 15% New Hampshire 863 7% 1,056 8% 1,257 10% 1,562 12% New Jersey 29,131 28% 43,244 40% 33,991 33% 48,624 45% New Mexico 3,311 15% 10,675 46% 6,268 28% 13,100 56% New York† 42,957 20% 127,185 59% 54,307 25% 136,135 63% North Carolina† 2,529 2% 30,650 25% 8,718 7% 35,639 30% North Dakota† 370 4% 1,361 13% 1,104 11% 2,301 23% Ohio 7,648 6% 25,824 19% 19,446 15% 38,675 28% Oklahoma 2,910 6% 34,488 68% 9,296 19% 38,321 76% Oregon 5,527 14% 8,824 21% 8,703 22% 12,245 29% Pennsylvania*,† 21,613 16% 47,046 34% 31,332 23% 58,996 43% Rhode Island† 497 5% 3,190 29% 1,281 12% 3,591 33% South Carolina 1,853 3% 27,214 46% 6,615 11.3% 29,885 51% South Dakota 303 3% 897 7% 1,795 15% 2,670 22% Tennessee† 2,561 3% 18,779 23% 9,410 12% 24,202 29% Texas 40,455 11% 202,520 52% 70,502 18% 226,237 58% Utah*,† 2,727 6% 5,154 11% 4,892 10% 7,579 16% Vermont 4,011 71% 3,926 67% 4,301 76% 4,361 75% Virginia† 5,632 6% 26,237 26% 10,469 11% 31,044 31% Washington 8,825 10% 17,602 20% 13,368 15% 22,420 26% West Virginia† 1,178 7% 12,069 67% 3,241 18% 12,678 70% Wisconsin 1,511 2% 41,665 64% 8,076 12% 45,860 71% Wyoming 710 11% 1,193 18% 1,325 21% 1,822 28% United States 362,102 10% 1,462,624 38% 633,781 17% 1,693,734 44% Guam 13 0.4% 71 2.5% 186 6% 432 14% * These states serve special education children in their state pre-K programs but were not able to provide the number of children for at least one of their programs. Estimates were used based on the average percent of special education students in state pre-K across all programs and enrollment numbers for each program or on percentages of children with IEPs reported in the previous year.
** Minnesota serves special education children in its state-funded Head Start pre-K programs but was not able to provide the number of children. Estimates are based on the percent of children with IEPs in Head Start in the state as reported by the PIR.
† At least one program in these states was able to report the number of children enrolled in state pre-K and Head Start. This information was used to estimate an unduplicated count of Head Start enrollment.
†† Totals can overestimate public enrollment in state pre-K, pre-K special education, and Head Start as some or all Head Start children may be served in a state’s pre-K program and many states could not report this information. For details about how these figures were calculated, see the Methodology section and the Roadmap to the State Profile Pages.
Table 5: 2022-2023 State Preschool Quality Standards
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State/ Program Early learning & development standards Curriculum supports Teacher has BA Specialized training in pre-K Assistant teacher has CDA or equiv. Staff professional development Class size 20 or lower Staff-child ratio 1:10 or better Vision, hearing & health screening & referral Continuous quality improvement system Quality standards checklist sum 2022-2023 Alabama X X X X X X X X X X 10 Alaska X X 2 Arizona X X X 3 Arkansas X X X X X X X X 8 California CSPP X X X X X X 6 California TK X X X 3 Colorado X X X X 4 Connecticut CDCC X X X X X 5 Connecticut SR X X X X X 5 Connecticut Smart Start X X X X X X 6 Delaware X X X X X X X X X* 9* District of Columbia X X X X 4 Florida X X X X 4 Georgia X X X* X X X X X 8* Hawaii EOSL X X X X X X X X X X 10 Hawaii HPCSC X X X* X X X X X X X 10* Illinois X X X X X X X X 8 Iowa Shared Visions X X X X X X X 7 Iowa SWVPP X X X X X X X X 8 Kansas X X X X X X 6 Kentucky X X X X X X X X* 8* Louisiana 8(g) X X X X X X X 7 Louisiana LA 4 X X X X X X X X 8 Louisiana NSECD X X X X X X X 7 Maine X X X X X X X X X 9 Maryland X X X X X X X X 8 Massachusetts CPPI X X X X X X 6 Massachusetts Chapter 70 X X X X X X 6 Michigan X X X* X X X X X X X 10* Minnesota HdSt X X X X X X X X X 9 Minnesota VPK/SRP X X X X X 5 Mississippi X X X X X X X X X X 10 Missouri X X* X X 4* Nebraska X X X X X X X 7 Nevada X X X X X X X 7 New Jersey X X X X X X X X X 9 New Mexico X X X X X X X X X 9 New York X X X* X X X X 7* North Carolina X X X* X X X X X X 9* North Dakota X X X X X 5 Ohio X X X X X 5 Oklahoma X X X X X X X X X 9 Oregon Pre-K X X X X X X X X X 9 Oregon Preschool Promise X X X X X X 6 Pennsylvania RTL X X X X X 5 Pennsylvania HSSAP X X X X X X X X 8 Pennsylvania K4 & SBPK X X X 3 Pennsylvania Pre-K Counts X X X* X X X X X 8* Rhode Island X X X X X X X X X X 10 South Carolina X X X X X X X 7 Tennessee X X X X X X X X X 9 Texas X X X X 4 Utah X X X X X 5 Vermont X X X X X X X 7 Virginia VPI X X X X X X 6 Virginia Mixed Delivery X X X X 4 Washington ECEAP X X X X X X X X X 9 Washington TK X X X X X X 6 West Virginia X X X X X X X X X 9 Wisconsin X X 2 Total 58 56 31 47 19 19 46 48 41 42 Guam X X X X X X 6 * Indicates that while the policy meets the benchmark, it is not being fully implemented.
Note: A red checkmark indicates that benchmark is newly met due to a policy change.
Table 6: State Pre-K Resources 2022-2023
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State Resource rank based on state spending State $ per child enrolled in preschool Change in total state per child spending from 2021-2022 to 2022-2023 Adjusted dollars Total state preschool spending in 2022-2023 Change in total state spending from 2021-2022 to 2022-2023 Adjusted dollars District of Columbia 1 $22,207 $394 $284,007,157 $15,143,727 New Jersey 2 $16,302 -$1,547 $951,831,781 $600,409 Oregon 3 $16,132 $1,739 $189,067,971 $45,008,829 California 4 $15,307 $2,258 $3,200,335,096 $830,595,002 Washington 5 $11,940 $117 $251,365,473 $36,959,492 Michigan 6 $11,854 -$872 $452,120,000 -$4,696,417 Connecticut 7 $10,895 -$1,734 $140,223,426 $760,740 Hawaii 8 $10,676 -$2,758 $7,516,239 $140,914 Nevada 9 $9,467 -$39 $23,488,749 $815,128 Delaware 10 $9,229 $1,207 $8,804,300 $2,242,819 Pennsylvania 11 $8,433 $124 $446,622,741 $71,337,963 Arkansas 12 $8,281 $596 $159,389,941 $12,635,372 Vermont*** 13 $8,244 $437 $68,702,087 $9,832,410 New Mexico 14 $8,008 -$816 $105,924,736 -$4,974,315 Alabama 15 $7,429 $10 $173,745,222 $10,988,447 Rhode Island 16 $7,121 -$284 $16,834,943 -$670,471 West Virginia 17 $7,053 $63 $96,845,695 $4,097,211 Maryland 18 $7,032 -$623 $224,382,022 -$44,138 Minnesota 19 $6,735 $60 $52,523,670 -$1,168,499 North Carolina 20 $6,672 -$1,178 $171,360,040 -$14,517,388 New York 21 $6,101 -$104 $948,772,591 $5,745,842 Louisiana 22 $5,915 $540 $109,179,482 $12,451,353 Virginia 23 $5,810 $186 $140,416,191 $15,133,853 Kentucky 24 $5,765 -$1,495 $112,553,895 -$15,298,045 Georgia 25 $5,646 $4 $414,786,468 $1,902,930 Arizona 26 $5,413 $956 $32,229,445 $10,792,365 Illinois 27 $5,405 -$355 $438,746,040 -$365,078 Maine 28 $5,133 $806 $32,015,855 $7,820,830 Tennessee 29 $4,823 -$538 $86,029,013 -$3,144,078 Alaska 30 $4,810 -$902 $5,002,332 $1,546,414 Oklahoma 31 $4,798 -$226 $187,024,576 -$10,092,999 North Dakota 32 $4,776 -$1,969 $2,574,427 $72,059 Missouri 33 $4,333 -$978 $27,625,495 -$207,515 Texas** 34 $4,235 $54 $940,818,031 $11,039,712 Kansas 35 $4,183 -$247 $101,706,563 $1,674,295 Ohio 36 $4,000 -$268 $72,000,000 $585,889 South Carolina 37 $3,900 -$202 $102,551,686 -$1,127,393 Wisconsin 38 $3,831 -$57 $171,994,862 -$5,838,754 Iowa* 39 $3,705 $27 $96,338,321 -$3,246,970 Colorado 40 $3,599 -$20 $76,799,772 $2,734,837 Mississippi 41 $3,281 -$75 $17,485,429 $8,064,628 Florida 42 $3,142 $669 $489,183,355 $110,490,459 Utah 43 $3,098 $743 $6,154,997 -$467,663 Nebraska 44 $2,335 -$133 $30,819,968 -$2,154,827 Massachusetts 45 $1,939 -$224 $64,121,030 $2,347,793 Idaho No Program $0 $0 $0 $0 Indiana No Program $0 $0 $0 $0 Montana No Program $0 $0 $0 $0 New Hampshire No Program $0 $0 $0 $0 South Dakota No Program $0 $0 $0 $0 Wyoming No Program $0 $0 $0 $0 50 states + DC $7,277 $333 $11,732,021,112 $1,165,547,172 Guam $8,170 $2,790 $465,712 $159,021 For details about how these figures were calculated, see the Methodology section and Roadmap to the State Profile Pages.
* 2,190 children with instructional IEPs were served in Iowa’s SWVPP program but were funded by sources not reported by the state. Similar to prior years, these children were removed from the per-child spending calculations.
** Texas includes 21,466 Non-ADA eligible children in their enrollment total. These children are removed from state funding per child calculations.
***Vermont could not separate state, local, and federal spending. These were estimated based on K–12 spending percentages.
Table 7: All-reported Pre-K Resources 2022-2023
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State Resource rank based on all-reported spending All-reported $ per child enrolled in preschool State reported non-state funds State $ per child enrolled in preschool Local $ per child enrolled in preschool Federal $ per child enrolled in preschool Total all-reported preschool spending District of Columbia 1 $22,207 No $22,207 $0 $0 $284,007,157 New Jersey 2 $16,302 No $16,302 $0 $0 $951,831,781 Oregon 3 $16,132 No $16,132 $0 $0 $189,067,971 California 4 $15,554 Yes $15,307 $8 $240 $3,252,111,614 Arkansas 5 $13,117 Yes $8,281 $3,654 $1,183 $252,484,399 Washington 6 $13,096 Yes $11,940 $669 $487 $275,702,300 Michigan 7 $11,854 No $11,854 $0 $0 $452,120,000 Maryland 8 $11,772 Yes $7,032 $4,739 $0 $375,598,353 Nebraska 9 $11,634 Yes $2,335 $3,874 $5,424 $153,528,275 Kentucky 10 $11,420 Yes $5,765 $3,020 $2,635 $222,960,145 Oklahoma 11 $11,046 Yes $4,798 $4,417 $1,832 $430,608,914 Connecticut 12 $10,895 No $10,895 $0 $0 $140,223,426 Alabama 13 $10,881 Yes $7,429 $3,452 $0 $254,485,066 Hawaii 14 $10,676 No $10,676 $0 $0 $7,516,239 West Virginia 15 $10,446 Yes $7,053 $18 $3,375 $143,436,939 Nevada 16 $9,897 Yes $9,467 $0 $430 $24,555,099 Vermont*** 17 $9,639 Yes $8,244 $194 $1,201 $80,334,987 Rhode Island 18 $9,497 Yes $7,121 $0 $2,376 $22,451,838 Virginia 19 $9,480 Yes $5,810 $2,805 $865 $229,122,922 Delaware 20 $9,229 Yes $6,446 $2,783 $0 $8,804,300 Maine 21 $9,063 Yes $5,133 $3,930 $0 $56,525,607 Mississippi 22 $8,573 Yes $3,281 $4,433 $858 $45,684,214 North Carolina 23 $8,504 Yes $6,672 $1,745 $86 $218,405,951 Pennsylvania 24 $8,433 No $8,433 $0 $0 $446,622,741 New Mexico 25 $8,008 No $8,008 $0 $0 $105,924,736 Illinois 26 $7,858 Yes $5,405 $2,454 $0 $637,936,036 Wisconsin 27 $6,953 Yes $3,831 $3,122 $0 $312,193,748 Minnesota 28 $6,735 No $6,735 $0 $0 $52,523,670 Colorado 29 $6,458 Yes $3,599 $2,859 $0 $137,806,875 Tennessee 30 $6,211 Yes $4,823 $1,388 $0 $110,793,070 New York 31 $6,101 No $6,101 $0 $0 $948,772,591 Louisiana 32 $5,915 No $5,915 $0 $0 $109,179,482 Georgia 33 $5,646 No $5,646 $0 $0 $414,786,46 Arizona 34 $5,413 No $5,413 $0 $0 $32,229,445 Alaska 35 $4,839 Yes $4,810 $0 $29 $5,032,332 Utah 36 $4,817 Yes $3,098 $0 $1,719 $9,570,681 North Dakota 37 $4,776 No $4,776 $0 $0 $2,574,427 Missouri 38 $4,333 No $4,333 $0 $0 $27,625,495 Texas** 39 $4,235 No $4,235 $0 $0 $940,818,031 Kansas 40 $4,183 No $4,183 $0 $0 $101,706,563 South Carolina 41 $4,147 Yes $3,900 $0 $247 $109,033,553 Massachusetts 42 $4,038 Yes $1,939 $1,707 $391 $133,503,054 Ohio 43 $4,000 No $4,000 $0 $0 $72,000,000 Iowa* 44 $3,831 Yes $3,705 $126 $0 $99,618,341 Florida 45 $3,142 No $3,142 $0 $0 $489,183,355 Idaho No Program $0 NA $0 $0 $0 $0 Indiana No Program $0 NA $0 $0 $0 $0 Montana No Program $0 NA $0 $0 $0 $0 New Hampshire No Program $0 NA $0 $0 $0 $0 South Dakota No Program $0 NA $0 $0 $0 $0 Wyoming No Program $0 NA $0 $0 $0 $0 50 states + DC $8,294 Yes $7,275 $766 $240 $13,371,002,191 Guam $8,170 No $8,170 $0 $0 $465,712 For details about how these figures were calculated, see the Methodology section and Roadmap to the State Profile Pages.
* 2,190 children with instructional IEPs were served in Iowa’s SWVPP program but were funded by sources not reported by the state. Similar to prior years, these children were removed from the per-child spending calculations.
** Texas includes 21,466 Non-ADA eligible children in their enrollment total. These children are removed from state funding per child calculations.
***Vermont could not separate state, local, and federal spending. These were estimated based on K–12 spending percentages.